Principles of Nanomedicine

The scope of nanotechnology in medical applications has expanded fast in the last two decades. With their unprecedented material properties, nanoscale materials present with unorthodox opportunities in a wide range of domains, including drug delivery and medical imaging. This book assembles the vari...

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Main Author Bhattacharjee, Sourav
Format eBook
LanguageEnglish
Published Milton Jenny Stanford Publishing 2019
Edition1
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ISBN9789814800426
9814800422
DOI10.1201/9780429031236

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Abstract The scope of nanotechnology in medical applications has expanded fast in the last two decades. With their unprecedented material properties, nanoscale materials present with unorthodox opportunities in a wide range of domains, including drug delivery and medical imaging. This book assembles the various facets of nanomedicine.
AbstractList The scope of nanotechnology in medical applications has expanded fast in the last two decades. With their unprecedented material properties, nanoscale materials present with unorthodox opportunities in a wide range of domains, including drug delivery and medical imaging. This book assembles the various facets of nanomedicine.
The scope of nanotechnology in medical applications has expanded fast in the last two decades. With their unprecedented material properties, nanoscale materials present with unorthodox opportunities in a wide range of domains, including drug delivery and medical imaging. This book assembles the various facets of nanomedicine while discussing key issues such as physicochemical properties that enhance the appeal of nanomedicine. The book is an excellent resource for physicians, PhDs, and postdocs involved in nanomedicine research to learn and understand the scope and complexity of the subject. It begins with a short history of nanotechnology, followed by a discussion on the fundamental concepts and extraordinary properties of nanoscale materials, and then slowly unfolds into multiple chapters illustrating the uses of various nanomaterials in drug delivery, sensing, and imaging.
Author Bhattacharjee, Sourav
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Snippet The scope of nanotechnology in medical applications has expanded fast in the last two decades. With their unprecedented material properties, nanoscale...
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TableOfContents Cover -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- Preface -- 1. A Brief Historical Perspective -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 History of Development: Conceptualization and Theoretical Framework -- 1.3 History of Development: Crucial Scientific Breakthroughs -- 1.4 History of Development: Growing Attention, Funding, and Debates -- 2. Introduction to Nanomaterials -- 2.1 Importance of Nanoscale -- 2.1.1 Quantum Confinement Effect -- 2.1.2 Effects due to Increased Surface Area -- 2.2 Nanomaterials -- 2.2.1 Defining Nanomaterials -- 2.2.2 Classification of Nanomaterials -- 2.3 Synthesis of Nanoscale Structures Including Nanomaterials -- 2.4 Nanoparticles -- 2.4.1 Etymology -- 2.4.2 Brief History -- 2.4.3 Unusual Properties of NPs -- 2.4.4 NPs Come in Various Shapes -- 2.4.5 Classification of NPs on the Basis of Composition -- 3. Liposomes -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Synthesis of Liposomes -- 3.3 Classification -- 3.4 Liposomes as DDSs -- 3.4.1 Core Principles -- 3.4.2 Targeting Strategies: Passive and Active -- 3.4.3 Triggered Delivery from Liposomes -- 3.5 Challenges Associated with Liposomal DDS -- 3.5.1 Rapid Filtration by the RES (Reticuloendothelial System) -- 3.5.2 Destabilization of Liposomal Vesicle -- 3.5.3 ABC of Liposomes -- 3.5.4 Complement Activation-Related Pseudoallergy (CARPA) -- 3.6 Approved Formulations -- 3.6.1 Oncotherapy -- 3.6.1.1 PEGylated stealth varieties -- 3.6.1.2 Non-PEGylated varieties -- 3.6.2 In Fungal Infections -- 3.6.3 In Photodynamic Therapy -- 3.6.4 In Viral Infections -- 3.6.5 In Analgesia -- 3.7 Interesting Formulations Undergoing Clinical Trials -- 3.7.1 Phase III -- 3.7.2 Phase II -- 3.7.3 Phase I -- 3.8 Summary and Outlook -- 4. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Structure -- 4.2.1 SLNs -- 4.2.2 NLCs -- 4.2.3 LDCs -- 4.3 Synthesis -- 4.3.1 High-Pressure Homogenization
8. Polymeric Nanoparticles -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Types of Polymers Used in Drug Delivery -- 8.3 Mechanisms of Drug Loading and Release -- 8.4 Synthesis of PNPs -- 8.4.1 Solvent Evaporation -- 8.4.2 Emulsion Polymerization -- 8.5 PNPs in Oral Drug Delivery -- 8.6 PNPs in Drug Delivery to the CNS -- 8.7 PNPs in Cancer Therapy -- 8.8 PNPs in Gene Delivery -- 8.9 Miscellaneous Applications of PNPs -- 8.9.1 Vaccination -- 8.9.2 Blood Substitutes -- 8.9.3 Delivery of Enzymes -- 8.9.4 Modulation of Cellular Autophagy -- 8.9.5 DDSs for Antiparasitic Agents -- 8.10 Biodegradable Polymers -- 8.10.1 PLGA -- 8.10.2 PLA -- 8.10.3 PCL -- 8.10.4 Chitosan -- 8.10.5 Gelatin -- 8.11 Summary and Outlook -- 9. Porous Silicon Nanoparticles -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Fabrication of PSi and Synthesis of PSiNPs -- 9.3 Physicochemical Attributes of PSi -- 9.4 Loading and Release of Drugs from PSiNPs -- 9.4.1 Covalent Attachment -- 9.4.2 Oxidation -- 9.4.3 Surface Adsorption -- 9.5 Polymer-PSi Composites -- 9.6 PSiNPs in Cancer Therapy -- 9.7 PSiNPs in Anti-influenza Therapy -- 9.8 PSiNPs as a Vehicle for the Codelivery of Therapeutic Agents -- 9.9 PSiNPs to Increase Permeability in vitro -- 9.10 In vivo Biodistribution Studies and Imaging with PSiNPs -- 9.11 Safety Profile of PSiNPs -- 9.12 Summary and Outlook -- 10. Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Drug Delivery and Targeting with MSNPs -- 10.3 Stimuli-Responsive Drug Delivery in an MSNP-Based DDS -- 10.3.1 Internal Stimuli-Responsive DDSs -- 10.3.2 External Stimuli-Responsive DDSs -- 10.4 Dual DDSs Based on MSNPs -- 10.5 Miscellaneous MSNP-Based DDS -- 10.6 Fate of MSNPs inside the Body -- 10.7 Biocompatibility -- 10.8 Summary and Outlook -- 11. Magnetic Nanoparticles -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Fundamental Magnetic Properties of MNPs -- 11.3 Different MNPs -- 11.3.1 SPIONs
18.3.5 Issues with QC: Upscaling and Batchwise Variation
4.3.2 Microemulsion Technique -- 4.3.3 High-Speed Stirring and/or Ultrasonication -- 4.3.4 Solvent Emulsification-Evaporation or -Diffusion Techniques -- 4.3.5 Water-in-Oil-in-Water Double-Emulsion Technique -- 4.4 Stability -- 4.5 Storage -- 4.6 Sterilization -- 4.7 Loading of Drugs in SLNs -- 4.8 Release of Encapsulated Drug Molecules from SLNs -- 4.9 Administration and Pharmacokinetics -- 4.10 Side Effects and Tissue Distribution -- 5. Buckminsterfullerene C[sub(60)] -- 5.1 Discovery -- 5.2 Chemical Properties -- 5.3 C[sub(60)] Fullerenes as a Drug Delivery System -- 5.3.1 Oncotherapy -- 5.3.2 Warfarin, Erythropoietin, and Immunoconjugates -- 5.3.3 Dermal DDSs -- 5.3.4 Gene Delivery -- 5.3.5 C[sub(60)] Fullerenes as Antiviral Agents -- 5.3.6 Miscellaneous -- 5.4 C[sub(60)] Fullerenes in PDT -- 5.5 C[sub(60)] Fullerenes as an Antimicrobial Agent -- 5.6 C[sub(60)] Fullerenes as Radical Scavengers and Antioxidants -- 5.7 Summary and Outlook -- 6. Carbon Nanotubes -- 6.1 Introduction -- 6.2 Functionalization of CNTs -- 6.3 CNTs as DDSs for Anticancer Drugs -- 6.4 CNTs as a DDS for Genetic Materials -- 6.5 CNTs as DDSs for Proteins -- 6.6 CNTs in Immunotherapy -- 6.7 CNTs in Photothermal Therapy -- 6.8 CNTs in Other Medical Applications -- 7. Dendrimers -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Fundamental Structure of a Dendrimer -- 7.3 Synthesis of Dendrimers -- 7.3.1 Divergent Technique -- 7.3.2 Convergent Technique -- 7.3.3 Click Chemistry-Based Techniques -- 7.4 Physicochemical Properties of Dendrimers -- 7.5 Interactions between Dendrimers and Drug Molecules -- 7.5.1 Encapsulation -- 7.5.2 Electrostatic Interactions -- 7.5.3 Covalent Conjugation -- 7.6 Dendrimers as DDS -- 7.6.1 Parenteral (Intravenous, Intraperitoneal) and Intratumoral Delivery -- 7.6.2 Oral Delivery -- 7.6.3 Ocular Delivery -- 7.6.4 Transdermal Delivery -- 7.7 Summary and Outlook
11.3.2 Metallic NPs -- 11.3.3 Bimetallic NPs -- 11.4 Surface Coatings for MNPs -- 11.4.1 Polymers -- 11.4.2 Liposomes and Micelles -- 11.4.3 Core/Shell Constructs of MNPs -- 11.5 Functionalization of MNPs -- 11.6 Targeting Strategies with MNPs -- 11.7 MNPs in Drug Delivery -- 11.8 Summary and Outlook -- 12. Immunotherapy and Nanovaccines -- 12.1 Introduction -- 12.2 A Few Important Concepts in Cancer Immunology -- 12.2.1 TAMs -- 12.2.2 MDSCs -- 12.2.3 Tregs -- 12.3 Current Nanomedicinal Platforms for Cancer Immunotherapy -- 12.3.1 Facilitated Delivery of TAAs to the APCs -- 12.3.2 aAPCs -- 12.3.3 Targeting of TME -- 12.4 Nanovaccines -- 12.4.1 VLPs -- 12.4.2 Liposomes -- 12.4.3 ISCOMs -- 12.4.4 PNPs -- 12.4.5 Miscellaneous NPs -- 12.5 Techniques to Characterize Nanovaccines -- 12.6 Summary and Outlook -- 13. Nanoantibiotics -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Nanomaterials with Antimicrobial Properties -- 13.2.1 Metallic and Metal Oxide NPs -- 13.2.2 Chitosan NPs -- 13.2.3 Graphene-Based NPs -- 13.2.4 NPs Releasing Nitric Oxide (NO) -- 13.2.5 Nanoemulsions -- 13.3 Nanomaterials as Delivery Platforms of Antibiotics -- 13.3.1 PNPs -- 13.3.2 Dendrimers -- 13.3.3 Lipid-Based NPs -- 13.4 Nanoantibiotics in Treatment of Resistant Strains -- 13.5 Nanoantibiotics in the Treatment of Bacterial Biofilms -- 13.6 Nanoantibiotics for Local Administration -- 13.7 Summary and Outlook -- 14. Nanomaterials in Regenerative Medicine -- 14.1 Introduction -- 14.2 Nanomaterials Used in Regenerative Medicine -- 14.2.1 PNPs -- 14.2.2 MNPs -- 14.2.3 Nanofibers and Nanogels -- 14.2.4 SANCs -- 14.2.5 LbL Structures -- 14.2.6 CNTs -- 14.3 Nanomaterials in Regenerative Medicine -- 14.3.1 3D Scaffolds -- 14.3.2 Scaffold-Free Tissue Engineering -- 14.4 Nanomaterials as Delivery Agents -- 14.5 Nanodevices and Biosensors -- 14.6 Miscellaneous Applications -- 14.7 Summary and Outlook
15. Nanosensors in Diagnostics -- 15.1 Introduction -- 15.2 AuNPs -- 15.2.1 Particle Size -- 15.2.2 Aggregation State -- 15.2.3 Refractive Index of the Surrounding Medium -- 15.2.4 Shape of AuNPs -- 15.3 CNTs -- 15.3.1 Interesting Physicochemical Properties of CNTs -- 15.3.2 Functionalization of CNTs -- 15.3.3 CNT-Based Biosensors -- 15.4 QDs -- 15.5 MNPs -- 15.6 Summary and Outlook -- 16. Nanomaterials in Imaging -- 16.1 Introduction -- 16.2 AuNPs -- 16.2.1 AuNPs in Cancer Imaging -- 16.2.1.1 Active targeting strategies -- 16.2.1.2 Passive targeting strategies -- 16.2.1.3 AuNPs in the imaging of renal system -- 16.2.1.4 AuNPs in the imaging of bones -- 16.2.1.5 AuNPs as blood pool imaging agents -- 16.2.1.6 AuNPs in the imaging of thrombosis -- 16.2.1.7 AuNPs in targeting of macrophages and imaging -- 16.2.1.8 AuNPs in multimodal imaging -- 16.2.1.9 AuNPs in SPECT and PET imaging -- 16.2.1.10 AuNPs in fluorescence- based imaging -- 16.3 QDs -- 16.4 CNTs -- 16.4.1 CNTs in Fluorescence-Based Imaging -- 16.4.2 CNTs in Raman Scattering-Based Imaging -- 16.4.3 CNTs in Photoacoustic Imaging -- 16.4.4 CNTs in MRI -- 16.4.5 CNTs in Nuclear Imaging -- 16.5 MNPs -- 16.6 Dendrimers -- 16.7 PEC NPs -- 16.8 SiNPs -- 16.9 Summary and Outlook -- 17. Nanotoxicology -- 17.1 Introduction -- 17.2 Factors Influencing Toxicity -- 17.3 Mechanism of Toxicity: Oxidative Stress -- 17.4 Routes of Exposure -- 17.4.1 Respiratory -- 17.4.2 Dermal -- 17.4.3 Gastrointestinal -- 17.5 In vivo Biodistribution -- 17.6 Epidemiology, Risk Assessment, Protection, and Regulation -- 18. Translation: Opportunities and Challenges -- 18.1 Introduction -- 18.2 Anticancer Formulations Currently Undergoing Clinical Trials -- 18.3 Challenges in Translation of Nanomedicines -- 18.3.1 Inadequate in vivo Models -- 18.3.2 Inadequate in vitro Models -- 18.3.3 EPR Effect -- 18.3.4 Targeting
Title Principles of Nanomedicine
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