The Lightning Flash
This updated and expanded new edition of Cooray's classic text provides the reader with a thorough background in almost every aspect of lightning and its impact on electrical and electronic equipment. The contents range from basic discharge processes in air through transient electromagnetic fie...
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| Main Author | |
|---|---|
| Format | eBook Book |
| Language | English |
| Published |
Stevenage
The Institution of Engineering and Technology
2014
Institution of Engineering and Technology (The IET) Institution of Engineering & Technology Institution of Engineering and Technology |
| Edition | 2 |
| Series | IET power and energy series |
| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
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Table of Contents:
- Chapter 1: Charge structure and geographical variation of thunderclouds -- Chapter 2: Thunderstorm electrification mechanisms -- Chapter 3: Mechanism of electrical discharges -- Chapter 4: Mechanism of the lightning flash -- Chapter 5: Features of lightning flashes obtained from high-speed video recordings -- Chapter 6: Rocket-and-wire triggered lightning experiments -- Chapter 7: Tower initiated lightning discharges -- Chapter 8: Computation of electromagnetic fields from lightning discharge -- Chapter 9: Return stroke models with special attention to engineering applications -- Chapter 10: Return stroke speed models -- Chapter 11: On the various approximations to calculate lightning return stroke generated electric and magnetic fields over finitely conducting ground -- Chapter 12: Interaction of electromagnetic fields generated by lightning with overhead electrical networks -- Chapter 13: Principles of protection of structures against lightning -- Chapter 14: Attachment of lightning flashes to grounded structures -- Chapter 15: Lightning and EMC -- Chapter 16: Electrical aspects of lightning strikes to humans -- Chapter 17: Upper atmospheric electrical discharges -- Chapter 18: Energetic radiation from thunderstorms and lightning -- Chapter 19: Global lightning nitrogen oxides production -- Chapter 20: Lightning and global temperature change
- Title Page Prefaces Table of Contents 1. Charge Structure and Geographical Variation of Thunderclouds 2. Thunderstorm Electrification Mechanisms 3. Mechanism of Electrical Discharges 4. Mechanism of the Lightning Flash 5. Features of Lightning Flashes Obtained from High-Speed Video Recordings 6. Rocket-and-Wire Triggered Lightning Experiments 7. Tower Initiated Lightning Discharges 8. Computation of Electromagnetic Fields from Lightning Discharge 9. Return Stroke Models with Special Attention to Engineering Applications 10. Return Stroke Speed Models 11. On the Various Approximations to Calculate Lightning Return Stroke-Generated Electric and Magnetic Fields over Finitely Conducting Ground 12. Interaction of Electromagnetic Fields Generated by Lightning with Overhead Electrical Networks 13. Principles of Protection of Structures against Lightning 14. Attachment of Lightning Flashes to Grounded Structures 15. Lightning and EMC 16. Electrical Aspects of Lightning Strikes to Humans 17. Upper Atmospheric Electrical Discharges 18. Energetic Radiation from Thunderstorms and Lightning 19. Global Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Production 20. Lightning and Global Temperature Change Index
- References -- Chapter 10. Return stroke speed models / Vernon Cooray -- Section 10.1 Introduction -- Section 10.2 Subsequent return stroke speed profile as predicted by current generation type engineering return stroke models -- Section 10.3 Return stroke speed as predicted by models taking into consideration the processes taking place at the return stroke front -- References -- Chapter 11. On the various approximations to calculate lightning return stroke-generated electric and magnetic fields over finitely conducting ground / Vernon Cooray -- Section 11.1 Introduction -- Section 11.2 Exact expressions for the electromagnetic fields of a dipole located over finitely conducting ground and their extension to return stroke fields -- Section 11.3 Return stroke models utilised in testing the approximate expressions -- Section 11.4 Summary of exact propagation effects in the vicinity of the channel -- Section 11.5 Simplified procedures to calculate electric and magnetic fields over finitely conducting ground -- Section 11.6 Propagation over vertically stratified ground or multi-section path -- Section 11.7 Propagation effects over horizontally stratified ground -- Section 11.8 Future studies -- References -- Chapter 12. Interaction of electromagnetic fields generated by lightningwith overhead electrical networks / Carlo Alberto Nucci and Farhad Rachidi -- Section 12.1 Introduction -- Section 12.2 Field-to-transmission line coupling models -- Section 12.3 Lightning-induced voltages on overhead power lines -- References -- Chapter 13. Principles of protection of structures against lightning / Carlo Mazzetti -- Section 13.1 Parameters of lightning current -- Section 13.2 Classification of structures -- Section 13.3 Damage due to lightning -- Section 13.4 Risk -- Section 13.5 Basic criteria of protection -- Section 13.6 Protection by means of SPD
- Section 16.6 Experimental support
- Section 4.5 Inception of lightning discharges in clouds -- Section 4.6 Physical processes and the electromagnetic fields of ground flashes -- Section 4.7 Electromagnetic fields generated by cloud flashes -- Section 4.8 Difference between the ground flashes and cloud flashes -- Section 4.9 Energy dissipation in return strokes and lightning flashes and cloud potential -- Section 4.10 Measuring lightning-generated electric and magnetic fields -- Section 4.11 Detection of lightning flashes -- References -- Chapter 5. Features of lightning flashes obtained from high-speed video recordings / Marcelo M. F. Saba, Tom A. Warner and Carina Schumann -- Section 5.1 Introduction -- Section 5.2 Negative and positive cloud-to-ground flashes -- Section 5.3 Bipolar cloud-to-ground flashes -- Section 5.4 Upward lightning flashes -- References -- Chapter 6. Rocket-and-wire triggered lightning experiments / Vladimir A. Rakov -- Section 6.1 Introduction -- Section 6.2 Triggering techniques -- Section 6.3 Overall current waveforms -- Section 6.4 Parameters of return-stroke current waveforms -- Section 6.5 Return-stroke current peak versus grounding conditions -- Section 6.6 Characterization of the close lightning electromagnetic environment -- Section 6.7 Studies of interaction of lightning with various objects and systems -- Section 6.8 Concluding remarks -- Acknowledgment -- References -- Chapter 7. Tower initiated lightning discharges / Gerhard Diendorfer -- Section 7.1 Introduction -- Section 7.2 Concept of effective height of tall objects -- Section 7.3 Initiation of upward lightning -- Section 7.4 Seasonal occurrence of upward lightning -- Section 7.5 General characterization of upward negative lightning -- Section 7.6 Characteristics of impulsive current components in negative upward lightning -- Section 7.7 Characteristics of upward positive lightning
- Intro -- Contents -- Preface to the first edition -- Preface to the second edition -- Contributors -- Biographies of contributors -- Chapter 1. Charge structure and geographical variation of thunderclouds / Earle Williams -- Section 1.1 The formation of clouds -- Section 1.2 Local conditions necessary for thunderclouds -- Section 1.3 The gross charge structure of thunderclouds -- Section 1.4 Sprite-producing thunderclouds: mesoscale convective systems -- Section 1.5 Geographical variability of thunderclouds -- References -- Chapter 2. Thunderstorm electrification mechanisms / Rohan Jayaratne -- Section 2.1 Introduction -- Section 2.2 The suggested mechanisms -- Section 2.3 Riming experiments -- Section 2.4 Droplet size effect -- Section 2.5 Effect of chemical impurities -- References -- Chapter 3. Mechanism of electrical discharges / Vernon Cooray -- Section 3.1 Introduction -- Section 3.2 Basic definitions -- Section 3.3 Ionisation processes -- Section 3.4 De-ionisation processes -- Section 3.5 Other processes that can influence the processof ionisation -- Section 3.6 Cathode processes -- Section 3.7 Electrical breakdown -- Section 3.8 Electrical breakdown in very small gaps: Townsend's breakdown mechanism -- Section 3.9 Paschen's law -- Section 3.10 Voltage and current (V-I) characteristics and the post breakdown stage (low pressures) -- Section 3.11 Resistance of spark channels -- Section 3.12 Corona discharges -- Section 3.13 Dependence of electrical breakdown conditions on atmospheric conditions -- Section 3.14 Statistical nature of electrical breakdown -- Section 3.15 The long spark -- Section 3.16 Humidity effects -- References -- Chapter 4. Mechanism of the lightning flash / Vernon Cooray -- Section 4.1 Introduction -- Section 4.2 Ground flash -- Section 4.3 Cloud flash -- Section 4.4 Frequency of lightning discharges
- Section 7.8 Characteristics of upward bipolar lightning -- Section 7.9 Detection of upward lightning -- Section 7.10 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8. Computation of electromagnetic fields from lightning discharge / Rajeev Thottappillil -- Section 8.1 Electrostatics and magnetostatics -- Section 8.2 Time varying fields from lightning -- Section 8.3 Treatment of retardation effects -- Section 8.4 Fields in terms of current (the Lorentz condition approach) -- Section 8.5 Fields in terms of current and charge (the continuity equation approach) -- Section 8.6 Non-uniqueness of electrostatic, induction, and radiation field components -- Section 8.7 The continuity equation -- Section 8.8 Fields in terms of apparent charge distribution -- Section 8.9 Calculation of fields from lightning return stroke -- Section 8.10 Transmission line model of the return stroke -- References -- Chapter 9. Return stroke models with special attention to engineering applications / Vernon Cooray -- Section 9.1 Introduction -- Section 9.2 Modelling of return strokes -- Section 9.3 Electro-thermodynamic models -- Section 9.4 Transmission line or LCR models -- Section 9.5 Electromagnetic models -- Section 9.6 Engineering models -- Section 9.7 Current dissipation models (CD models) -- Section 9.8 Generalisation of any model to current generation type -- Section 9.9 Generalisation of any model to a current dissipation type model -- Section 9.10 Current propagation models as a special case of current dissipation models -- Section 9.11 Advantage of utilising current dissipation concept in constructing models in comparison to current propagation concept -- Section 9.12 Introducing ground conductivity in CG type return stroke models -- Section 9.13 Linear charge density deposited by the first return stroke along the leader channel -- Section 9.14 Future of return stroke models
- Section 13.7 Main features of lightning protection system (LPS) -- Section 13.8 Internal lightning protection system -- Section 13.9 Shielding -- Section 13.10 Maintenance and inspection of LPS -- Section 13.11 Annex A: parameters of lightning current -- Section 13.12 Annex B: models for the evaluation of lightning exposure -- References -- Chapter 14. Attachment of lightning flashes to grounded structures / Vernon Cooray -- Section 14.1 Introduction -- Section 14.2 Striking distance -- Section 14.3 Leader inception models -- Section 14.4 Leader progression or lightning attachment models -- Section 14.5 The potential of the stepped leader channel and the striking distance -- Section 14.6 Charge distribution on the stepped leader channel as a function of cloud potential -- Section 14.7 Striking distance of subsequent return strokes -- Section 14.8 The effect of the height of the structure -- Section 14.9 Comparison of different lightning attachment models -- Section 14.10 Experimental test of lightning attachment models -- Section 14.11 Lightning strikes to the side of the structure -- References -- Chapter 15. Lightning and EMC / Michel Ianoz -- Section 15.1 Introduction -- Section 15.2 Short overview of EMC history -- Section 15.3 Lightning as a disturbance source -- Section 15.4 Types of coupling between lightning and circuits or installations -- Section 15.5 Typical EMC problems due to lightning -- Section 15.6 Specific EMC lightning protection parameters -- Section 15.7 Specific EMC lightning protection concepts -- References -- Chapter 16. Electrical aspects of lightning strikes to humans / Chris Andrews -- Section 16.1 Introduction -- Section 16.2 Strike mechanisms - descriptive outline -- Section 16.3 Current behaviour in biological material -- Section 16.4 Models for lightning shock current estimates -- Section 16.5 Current estimates