Geochemistry of Erosion Processes on Badland Slopes A Case Study of the Gutingkeng Formation Where Mud Volcanoes are Distributed in Southern Taiwan
Understanding erosion processes is important to prevent natural disasters such as slope failure and bedrock erosion in immature sedimentary rocks. Pliocene–Pleistocene illite-rich, non-smectite mudstone of the Gutingkeng Formation is distributed over 250 km2 in southern Taiwan, forming badlands (loc...
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| Published in | Journal of Geography (Chigaku Zasshi) Vol. 118; no. 3; pp. 511 - 532 |
|---|---|
| Main Authors | , |
| Format | Journal Article |
| Language | English Japanese |
| Published |
Tokyo Geographical Society
01.01.2009
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| Subjects | |
| Online Access | Get full text |
| ISSN | 0022-135X 1884-0884 |
| DOI | 10.5026/jgeography.118.511 |
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| Abstract | Understanding erosion processes is important to prevent natural disasters such as slope failure and bedrock erosion in immature sedimentary rocks. Pliocene–Pleistocene illite-rich, non-smectite mudstone of the Gutingkeng Formation is distributed over 250 km2 in southern Taiwan, forming badlands (locally called moon-world) with mud volcanoes nearby. These volcanoes erupt saline water and natural gas, and producing a Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- rich unsaturated Popcorn crust, which covers the mudstone slope surfaces in the moon-world area. In the crust porewater, ion strength reaches about 10 mol/L; zeta potential on particle surfaces shows a highly positive voltage. Repulsion occurs between particles under this high voltage in the crust, which is rapidly slaked to form mud by heavy precipitation. The zone that is rapidly slaked by precipitation reaches 10-20 cm beneath the crust surface. Ion strength of porewater of fresh mudstone is 0.5 mol/L approaches 0 mV (range 0.2-0.5 mol/L, pH 4-6). The surface charge of particles decreases with the infiltration of precipitation into the crust and fresh rock, with a minus surface charge occurring with increased rain infiltration. This leads to many cracks forming on the surface of mudstone, which is different from the mechanism of rapid slaking. Evaporation from the 10-20 cm-thick zone between the crust and the underlying fresh mudstone would stop if water was not supplied from depth, which is supported by in-situ measurements of water evaporation in the field. These mudstones erode readily under high precipitation because of the repulsion caused by the high ion strength of porewater. High-salinity porewater including mudstone is distributed near the active mud volcanoes where saline water rises and there is a rapid uplift rate. Rapid slaking occurred with some elements in the concentrated crust and near the surface drying zone. |
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| AbstractList | Understanding erosion processes is important to prevent natural disasters such as slope failure and bedrock erosion in immature sedimentary rocks. Pliocene–Pleistocene illite-rich, non-smectite mudstone of the Gutingkeng Formation is distributed over 250 km2 in southern Taiwan, forming badlands (locally called moon-world) with mud volcanoes nearby. These volcanoes erupt saline water and natural gas, and producing a Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, and SO42- rich unsaturated Popcorn crust, which covers the mudstone slope surfaces in the moon-world area. In the crust porewater, ion strength reaches about 10 mol/L; zeta potential on particle surfaces shows a highly positive voltage. Repulsion occurs between particles under this high voltage in the crust, which is rapidly slaked to form mud by heavy precipitation. The zone that is rapidly slaked by precipitation reaches 10-20 cm beneath the crust surface. Ion strength of porewater of fresh mudstone is 0.5 mol/L approaches 0 mV (range 0.2-0.5 mol/L, pH 4-6). The surface charge of particles decreases with the infiltration of precipitation into the crust and fresh rock, with a minus surface charge occurring with increased rain infiltration. This leads to many cracks forming on the surface of mudstone, which is different from the mechanism of rapid slaking. Evaporation from the 10-20 cm-thick zone between the crust and the underlying fresh mudstone would stop if water was not supplied from depth, which is supported by in-situ measurements of water evaporation in the field. These mudstones erode readily under high precipitation because of the repulsion caused by the high ion strength of porewater. High-salinity porewater including mudstone is distributed near the active mud volcanoes where saline water rises and there is a rapid uplift rate. Rapid slaking occurred with some elements in the concentrated crust and near the surface drying zone. |
| Author | CHIGIRA, Masahiro NAKATA, Eiji |
| Author_xml | – sequence: 1 fullname: NAKATA, Eiji organization: Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry – sequence: 1 fullname: CHIGIRA, Masahiro organization: Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University |
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| Copyright | 2009 Tokyo Geographical Society |
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Lerche, I. and Bagirov, E. (1999): Impact of Natural Hazards on Oil and Gas Extraction: The South Caspian Basin. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 353p. Yassir, N. (2003): The role of shear stress in mobilizing deep-seated mud volcanoes: Geological and geomechanical evidence from Trinidad and Taiwan. in Subsurface Sediment Mobilization edited by Van Rensbergen, P., Hillis, R.R., Maltman, A.J. and Morley, C.K., Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 216, 461-474. Sibuet, J.C. and Hsu, S.K. (2004): How was Taiwan createrd? Tectonophysics, 379, 159-181. Ho, C.S. (1986): A synthesis of the geologic evolution of Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 125, 1-16. 井上大榮・角田隆彦・河村和夫・友利方彦（1992）: わが国における地質別の崩壊特性と貯水池堆砂（その1）―地質から見た崩壊特性―．応用地質，33，123-132 王 〓・徐 美玲・楊 建夫（1977）: 台湾泥火山地形景観．台湾省立博物館年刊，31，31-49 五十嵐俊雄（1984）: 粘土質試料のノルム計算（N88 BASICプログラム）．地質ニュース，353，37-47. Torri, D., Colica, A. and Rockwell, D. (1994): Preliminary study of the erosion mechanisms in a biancana badland (Tuscany, Italy). CATENA, 23, 281-294. 木方建造・大山隆弘・鈴木浩一・中田英二・田中姿郎・宮川公雄・石井英一・高橋一晴・濱 克宏・國丸貴紀・津久井朗太・福島龍朗・瀬谷正巳・青木和弘（2006）: 幌延における堆積岩の特性研究．電中研報告，50p. Piccarreta, M., Capolongo, D., Boenzi, F. and Bentivenga, M. (2006): Implications of decadal changes in precipitation and land use policy to soil erosion in Basilicata, Italy. CATENA, 65, 138-151. 宮田雄一郎・三宅邦彦・新谷俊一・頼 文基・田中和広（2003）: 台湾の活動的泥火山．堆積学会2003年発表会講演集，86-87. 大森博雄（2001）: 日本島山地における隆起と侵触のダイナミックス．月刊地球，32，14-21. Kasanin-Grubin, M. and Bryan, R. (2007): Lithological properties and weathering response on badland hillslopes. CATENA, 70, 68-78. Minissale, A., Magro, G., Martinelli, G., Vaselli, O. and Tassi, G.F. (2000): Fluid geochemical transect in the Northern Apennines (central-northern Italy): fluid genesis and migration and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 319, 199-222. Hsu, S.K. and Sibuet, J.C. (1995): Is Taiwan the result of arc-continent or arc-arc collision? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 136, 315-324. 土質工学会編（1998）: 浸水崩壊度試験．岩の調査と試験，410-413. 新谷俊一・田中和広（2005）: 新潟県十日町市松代に分布する泥火山の地質．自然災害科学，24，49-58 Chou, J.T. (1971): A preliminary study of the stratigraphy and sedimentation of mudstone formations in the Tainan area, southern Taiwan. Petroleum Geology of Taiwan, 23, 187-219. Hsieh, M.L. and Knuepfer, P.L.K. (2001): Middle-late Holocene river terraces in the Erhjen River Basin, southwestern Taiwan-implications of river response to climate change and active tectonic uplift. Geomorphology, 38, 337-372. Lin, J.C. (1995): The evolutionary model of mudrock slope. Journal of Geographical Science (National Taiwan University), 18, 45-58. 田中和広（2006）: 泥火山・マッドダイアピルが引き起こす地盤災害のメカニズムと対策（課題番号14580505）．平成14年度～平成16年度科学研究費補助金［基盤研究（C）］研究成果報告書，183p. Davies, R.J., Brumm, M., Manga, M., Rubiandini, R., Swarbrick, R. and Tingay, M. (2008): The east Java mud volcano (2006 to present): An earthquake or drilling trigger? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 272, 627-638. Liu, J.P., Liu, C.S., Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D., Chu, J.K., Kao, S.J. and Lin, S.W. (2008): Flux and fate of small mountainous rivers derived sediments into the Taiwan Strait. Marine Geology, 256, 65-76. 中田英二・大山隆弘・馬原保典・市原義久・松本裕之（2004）: 海底下堆積岩の浸水崩壊特性と水質が強度・透水性に与える影響．応用地質，45，71-82 Lee, D.H., Lin, H.M. and Wu, J.H. (2007): The basic properties of mudstone slopes on southwestern Taiwan. Journal of GeoEngineering, 2, 81-95. Torri, D. and Brya, R. (1997): Micropiping processes and biancana evolution in southeast Tuscany, Italy. Geomorphology, 20, 219-235. |
| References_xml | – reference: Lee, D.H., Lin, H.M. and Wu, J.H. (2007): The basic properties of mudstone slopes on southwestern Taiwan. Journal of GeoEngineering, 2, 81-95. – reference: 中田英二・小野雅弘・市原義久・飯島幸夫（2006）: 地下水水質と堆積岩の急速スレーキング特性の関係．資源地質，56，133-144. – reference: Torri, D., Colica, A. and Rockwell, D. (1994): Preliminary study of the erosion mechanisms in a biancana badland (Tuscany, Italy). CATENA, 23, 281-294. – reference: Piccarreta, M., Capolongo, D., Boenzi, F. and Bentivenga, M. (2006): Implications of decadal changes in precipitation and land use policy to soil erosion in Basilicata, Italy. CATENA, 65, 138-151. – reference: Torri, D. and Brya, R. (1997): Micropiping processes and biancana evolution in southeast Tuscany, Italy. Geomorphology, 20, 219-235. – reference: Minissale, A., Magro, G., Martinelli, G., Vaselli, O. and Tassi, G.F. (2000): Fluid geochemical transect in the Northern Apennines (central-northern Italy): fluid genesis and migration and tectonic implications. Tectonophysics, 319, 199-222. – reference: Lerche, I. and Bagirov, E. (1999): Impact of Natural Hazards on Oil and Gas Extraction: The South Caspian Basin. Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers, New York, 353p. – reference: Valentin, C., Poesen, J. and Li, Y. (2005): Gully erosion: Impacts, factors and control. CATENA, 63, 132-153. – reference: Barrier, E. and Angelier, J. (1986): Active collision in eastern Taiwan: The Coastal Range. Tectonophysics, 125, 39-72. – reference: Sibuet, J.C. and Hsu, S.K. (2004): How was Taiwan createrd? Tectonophysics, 379, 159-181. – reference: 土質工学会編（1998）: 浸水崩壊度試験．岩の調査と試験，410-413. – reference: Davies, R.J., Brumm, M., Manga, M., Rubiandini, R., Swarbrick, R. and Tingay, M. (2008): The east Java mud volcano (2006 to present): An earthquake or drilling trigger? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 272, 627-638. – reference: Liu, J.P., Liu, C.S., Xu, K.H., Milliman, J.D., Chu, J.K., Kao, S.J. and Lin, S.W. (2008): Flux and fate of small mountainous rivers derived sediments into the Taiwan Strait. Marine Geology, 256, 65-76. – reference: Dadson, S.J., Hovius, N., Chen, H., Dade, W.B., Hsieh, M., Willett, S.D., Hu, J.C., Horong, M.J., Chen, M.C., Stark, C.P., Lague, D. and Lin, J.C. (2003): Links between erosion, runoff variability and seismicity in the Taiwan orogen. Nature, 426, 648-651. – reference: 中田英二（2005）: 蛍光X線による堆積岩の組成分析法に関する提案―粉末ペレット法とガラスビード法を併用した分析方法の適用―．電力中央研究所報告，24p． – reference: Milliman, J.D. and Syvitsky, J.P.M (1992): Geomorphic/tectonic control of sediment discharge to the ocean: The importance of small mountainous rivers. Journal of Geology, 100, 525-544. – reference: 藤原 治・三箇智二・大森博雄（1999）: 日本列島における侵食速度の分布．サイクル機構技報，5，85-93. – reference: Lin, J.C. (1995): The evolutionary model of mudrock slope. Journal of Geographical Science (National Taiwan University), 18, 45-58. – reference: 王 〓・徐 美玲・楊 建夫（1977）: 台湾泥火山地形景観．台湾省立博物館年刊，31，31-49． – reference: Chou, J.T. (1971): A preliminary study of the stratigraphy and sedimentation of mudstone formations in the Tainan area, southern Taiwan. Petroleum Geology of Taiwan, 23, 187-219. – reference: Ho, C.S. (1986): A synthesis of the geologic evolution of Taiwan. Tectonophysics, 125, 1-16. – reference: Hsieh, M.L. and Knuepfer, P.L.K. (2001): Middle-late Holocene river terraces in the Erhjen River Basin, southwestern Taiwan-implications of river response to climate change and active tectonic uplift. Geomorphology, 38, 337-372. – reference: 井上大榮・角田隆彦・河村和夫・友利方彦（1992）: わが国における地質別の崩壊特性と貯水池堆砂（その1）―地質から見た崩壊特性―．応用地質，33，123-132． – reference: 中田英二・大山隆弘・馬原保典・市原義久・松本裕之（2004）: 海底下堆積岩の浸水崩壊特性と水質が強度・透水性に与える影響．応用地質，45，71-82． – reference: Yassir, N. (2003): The role of shear stress in mobilizing deep-seated mud volcanoes: Geological and geomechanical evidence from Trinidad and Taiwan. in Subsurface Sediment Mobilization edited by Van Rensbergen, P., Hillis, R.R., Maltman, A.J. and Morley, C.K., Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 216, 461-474. – reference: 大森博雄（2001）: 日本島山地における隆起と侵触のダイナミックス．月刊地球，32，14-21. – reference: 木方建造・大山隆弘・鈴木浩一・中田英二・田中姿郎・宮川公雄・石井英一・高橋一晴・濱 克宏・國丸貴紀・津久井朗太・福島龍朗・瀬谷正巳・青木和弘（2006）: 幌延における堆積岩の特性研究．電中研報告，50p. – reference: Clarke, M.L. and Rendell, H.M. (2006): Process-form relationships in Southern Italian badlands: Erosion rates and implications for landform evolution. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, 31, 15-29. – reference: Vacher, C.A., Loch, R.J. and Raine, S.R. (2004): Identification and management of depressive mine spoils. Technical Report. Australian Centre for Mining Environmental Research, 84p. – reference: Kasanin-Grubin, M. and Bryan, R. (2007): Lithological properties and weathering response on badland hillslopes. CATENA, 70, 68-78. – reference: 嚴 勝男（1997）: 台湾―いま激動する国―．二宮書店，153p． – reference: 田中和広（2006）: 泥火山・マッドダイアピルが引き起こす地盤災害のメカニズムと対策（課題番号14580505）．平成14年度～平成16年度科学研究費補助金［基盤研究（C）］研究成果報告書，183p. – reference: Drever, J.I. (1997): The Geochemistry of Natural Waters: Surface and Groundwater Environments, 3rd ed. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey, 436p. – reference: Martinelli, G. and Panahi, B. (2005): Mud Volcanoes, Geodynamics and Seismicity. NATO Science Series IV. Earth and Environmental Sciences. Springer, Netherlands, 51, 288p. – reference: You, C.F., Gieskes, J.M., Lee, T., Yui, T.F. and Chen, H.W. (2004): Geochemistry of mud volcano fluids in the Taiwan accretionary prism. Applied Geochemistry, 19, 695-707. – reference: 新谷俊一・田中和広（2005）: 新潟県十日町市松代に分布する泥火山の地質．自然災害科学，24，49-58． – reference: Hsu, S.K. and Sibuet, J.C. (1995): Is Taiwan the result of arc-continent or arc-arc collision? Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 136, 315-324. – reference: 五十嵐俊雄（1984）: 粘土質試料のノルム計算（N88 BASICプログラム）．地質ニュース，353，37-47. – reference: Chen, S.T. (1984): A study on the erosion characteristics of the mudstone in southwestern Taiwan (1). The Hazard Mitigation Technology Report No.73-07 (National Science Council). – reference: 宮田雄一郎・三宅邦彦・新谷俊一・頼 文基・田中和広（2003）: 台湾の活動的泥火山．堆積学会2003年発表会講演集，86-87. |
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| SubjectTerms | badlands erosion moon-world mud volcanoes rapid slaking Taiwan water chemistry |
| Subtitle | A Case Study of the Gutingkeng Formation Where Mud Volcanoes are Distributed in Southern Taiwan |
| Title | Geochemistry of Erosion Processes on Badland Slopes |
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