Mathematical Advances Towards Sustainable Environmental Systems

• Main Authors: Furze, James N, Swing, Kelly, Gupta, Anil K, McClatchey, Richard H, Reynolds, Darren M
• Format: eBook
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing AG 2016; Springer International Publishing
• Edition: 1
• Subjects: Artificial Intelligence; Earth and Environmental Science; Environment; Environmental Management; Natural Resources; Nature Conservation; Simulation and Modeling; Sustainable Development

This edited volume focuses on how we can protect our environment and enhance environmental sustainability when faced with changes and pressures imposed by our expansive needs. The volume unites multiple subject areas within sustainability, enabling the techniques and philosophy in the chapters to be...

Table of Contents:

• Intro -- Foreword: The Vocabulary of Nature -- Preface: From the Coordinating Editor -- Contents -- Contributors -- Chapter 1: Mathematical Advances Towards Sustainable Environmental Systems: Context and Perspectives -- 1.1 Introduction -- 1.2 Chapter Outlines -- References -- Chapter 2: Biological Modelling for Sustainable Ecosystems -- 2.1 Introduction -- 2.2 Biogeographic studies, Digital Elevation Models, Climatic data and Biological Records -- 2.3 Mathematic Detail of Algorithmic Structures -- 2.4 Genetic Dispersal/Stochastic Methods -- 2.5 Functional Approximation Algorithms/Using Continual and Discrete Data for Informative Expansion -- 2.6 Case Studies: Plant Strategies, Life Forms and Metabolism -- 2.7 Heuristic and Optimal Search Capability and Application to Biological, Chemical and Physical Data -- 2.8 Conclusions/Further Directions -- References -- Chapter 3: On the Dynamics of the Deployment of Renewable Energy Production Capacities -- 3.1 Introduction -- 3.2 Energy Return on Energy Investment -- 3.3 MODERN: A Discrete-Time Model of the Deployment of Renewable Energy Production Capacities -- 3.3.1 Time -- 3.3.2 Assumption Regarding the Energy Produced from Nonrenewable Sources -- 3.3.3 Energy from Renewable Origin -- 3.3.4 Dynamics of Deployment of Energy Production Means -- 3.3.5 Energy Costs for Growth and Long-Term Replacement -- 3.3.6 Total Energy and Net Energy to Society -- 3.3.7 Constraints on the Quantity of Energy Invested for Energy Production -- 3.3.8 Assumptions on Growth and Replacement Energy Costs -- 3.4 Simulation Results: Case Study for Photovoltaic Panels -- 3.4.1 Variable Initialization -- 3.4.2 Growth Scenario -- 3.4.3 Depletion of Nonrenewable Resources Scenario -- 3.4.4 Values of ERoEI and Lifetime -- 3.4.5 Typical Runs -- 3.5 On the Potential Benefits of Using Control Strategies -- 3.6 From Modelling to Society
• 3.7 Conclusions -- References -- Chapter 4: Water System Modelling -- 4.1 Introduction -- 4.2 Water Systems Modelling for Quantity and Quality -- 4.2.1 AGNPS -- 4.2.2 ANSWERS -- 4.2.3 CASC2D -- 4.2.4 MIKESHE -- 4.2.5 DWSM -- 4.2.6 KINEROS -- 4.2.7 HSPF -- 4.2.8 SWAT -- 4.2.9 PRMS -- 4.2.10 HEC-HMS -- 4.2.11 HEC-RAS -- 4.2.12 WEAP -- 4.3 Time and Space Scale -- 4.3.1 Time Scales in Modelling -- 4.3.1.1 Event-Based Models -- 4.3.1.2 Continuous Models -- 4.3.2 Space Scale in Modelling -- 4.3.3 Mathematical Bases for the Selected Models -- 4.4 Model Calibration and Verification -- 4.4.1 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) -- 4.4.2 Coefficient of Determination R2 -- 4.4.3 Chi-square -- 4.4.4 Nash-Sutcliffe Coefficient -- 4.4.5 Index of Agreement d -- 4.4.6 Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency with Logarithmic Values ln E -- 4.4.7 Modified Forms of E and d -- 4.4.8 Relative Efficiency Criteria Erel and drel -- 4.4.9 Measures of Efficiency -- 4.5 Discussion -- 4.6 Selecting a Model for Estimating Nutrient Yield and Transportation During Flash Floods and Wet Seasons -- 4.7 Selecting a Model for Estimating Nutrient Yield and Transportation During Regular Flow -- 4.8 Summary and Concluding Remarks -- References -- Chapter 5: Introduction to Biodiversity -- 5.1 Introduction -- 5.2 Perspectives/Perceptions -- 5.3 Significance -- 5.4 Challenges to Documentation -- 5.4.1 Mentality and Motivation in Relation to Cost Versus Benefit -- 5.4.2 Dimension/Scale -- 5.4.2.1 Accessibility -- 5.4.3 Interest/Incentive -- 5.4.4 Level of Expertise and Distribution -- 5.4.5 Estimates Down Through History -- 5.5 Extinction Rate -- 5.5.1 Role of Scientific Collections -- 5.6 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 6: Challenges to Conservation -- 6.1 Challenges -- 6.2 Separation Anxiety -- 6.3 Selective Acceptance of Science -- 6.4 Species/Area Relationships and Sustainability
• 11.2.1 Different Scales of Description, Prediction and Prescription -- 11.2.2 Dynamic Ecosystems -- 11.2.3 Community Heterogeneity -- 11.2.4 Socioecological Resilience -- 11.2.5 Dealing with Uncertainty -- 11.3 The Socioecological Paradigm Revisited: Modelling Imperatives -- 11.4 Case Study of Coping with Climate Change in Flood-Prone Regions of India -- 11.5 Conclusions and Further Directions -- References -- Chapter 12: Introduction to Robotics-Mathematical Issues -- 12.1 Introduction on Robotics -- Robot Types and Applications -- 12.2 Robot Kinematic Modelling -- 12.3 Robotic Dynamics: Modelling and Formulations -- 12.4 Path and Trajectory Planning in Robotics -- 12.4.1 Third-Order Polynomial Trajectory Planning -- 12.4.2 Linear Segments with Parabolic Blends -- 12.5 Classical Control Synthesis and Design -- 12.5.1 PD Position Control -- 12.5.2 PD Control of Position with Gravity Compensation -- 12.5.3 Control of the Robot Based on Inverse Dynamics -- 12.5.4 Control Based on the Transposed Jacobian Matrix -- 12.5.5 Control Based on the Inverse Jacobian Matrix -- 12.5.6 Control of the Contact Force -- 12.5.6.1 Linearization of a Robot System Through Inverse Dynamics -- 12.5.6.2 Force Control -- 12.6 Robot Vision and Visual Servoing -- 12.6.1 Robot Vision -- 12.6.2 Robot Control Using Visual Servoing Technique -- 12.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 13: Intelligent and Robust Path Planning and Control of Robotic Systems -- 13.1 Introduction -- 13.2 Intelligent Control -- 13.2.1 Neural Network-Based Control for Robotics -- 13.2.2 Fuzzy Logic-Based Control for Robotics -- 13.2.3 Genetic Algorithms in Robotic Systems -- 13.2.4 Hybrid Intelligent Approach in Robotic Systems -- 13.3 Iterative Learning Control -- 13.4 Robust Control -- 13.4.1 Robust H Controller -- 13.4.2 Robust Sliding Mode Control (SMC) -- 13.5 Swarm Robotics System
• 8.8 Transcription Factors Involved in Secondary Metabolism -- 8.8.1 MYB -- 8.8.2 bHLH -- 8.9 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 9: Tools from Biodiversity: Wild Nutraceutical Plants -- 9.1 Introduction -- 9.2 Plant Metabolite Expression -- 9.3 Dioscorea at Similipal Biosphere Reserve Forest: Indigenous Uses -- 9.4 Dioscorea Species: Future Food and Medicine -- 9.5 Nutraceutical Importance of Dioscorea Species -- 9.6 Active Compounds of Dioscorea Species and Pharmacology -- 9.7 Metabolic Pathways of Active Compounds: Biosynthesis, Precursor Molecules of Active Compounds, and Elicitation -- 9.8 Strategy to Express, Over-Express the Metabolites: Application of Conventional/Molecular Tools -- 9.9 Findings and Future Prospects -- References -- Chapter 10: The Effect of Climate Change on Watershed Water Balance -- 10.1 Introduction -- 10.2 Case Study of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin -- 10.3 Methodology -- 10.3.1 Weighting of the GCM Models -- 10.3.2 Definition of Climate Change Patterns -- 10.3.3 Downscaling of the Large-Scale GCM Outputs -- 10.3.4 Rainfall-Runoff Modelling -- 10.3.5 Effect of Climate Change on Water Consumption -- 10.3.6 Water Resources Sustainability Index -- 10.4 Results -- 10.4.1 GCM Models Weighting -- 10.4.2 Downscaling of the Temperature and Precipitation -- 10.4.3 Effects of Climate Change on Temperature -- 10.4.4 Effects of Climate Change on Precipitation -- 10.4.5 Effects of Climate Change on Agriculture Water Demand -- 10.4.6 Effects of Climate Change on Surface Water Resources -- 10.4.7 Changes in Domestic and Industrial Water Demand -- 10.4.8 Water Resources Sustainability -- 10.5 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 11: Modelling Challenges for Climate and Community Resilient Socioecological Systems -- 11.1 Introduction -- 11.2 Limitations of Existing Approaches for Modelling Climatic Systems
• 6.5 Human Behavior in Light of Evolutionary Pressures -- 6.6 A Sense of Entitlement Due to Religious Beliefs -- 6.7 Conclusion -- References -- Chapter 7: Biogeochemistry in the Scales -- 7.1 Introduction -- 7.2 Loose Definitions and the Problems of Scale -- 7.2.1 Views of Experimental Scale Across Scientific Disciplines -- 7.2.2 Problems of Experimental Scale -- 7.3 Mathematical Modelling Approaches -- 7.3.1 Top-Down and Bottom-Up Modelling -- 7.3.2 Middle-Out Modelling -- 7.3.3 Example of Biogeochemical Integration of Top-Down, Bottom-Up and Middle-Out Modelling -- 7.4 How Do We Model Complex Ecosystems? -- 7.4.1 Biodiversity -- 7.4.2 Biogeochemistry -- 7.4.3 Potential Solutions (Principle of Model Systems in Ecology) -- 7.5 A Way Forward for Integrating Biogeochemical and Ecosystem Models Using Natural Microcosms -- 7.5.1 Mathematical Models -- 7.5.2 Ecology Models -- 7.5.3 Biogeochemical Models -- 7.6 Summary -- References -- Chapter 8: Plant Metabolites Expression -- 8.1 Introduction -- 8.2 Metabolic Regulation -- 8.2.1 Complexity of Metabolism -- 8.2.2 Metabolic Control by Compartmentalization -- 8.2.3 Metabolic Control by Regulation of Enzyme Activities -- 8.3 Role of Biotic and Abiotic Stresses in Plant Metabolite Expression -- 8.4 Osmotic Adjustment Imposed by Stress and Metabolic Compensation Mechanisms -- 8.4.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism -- 8.4.2 The Active Role of Polyols in Protective Mechanisms -- 8.4.3 Amines -- 8.4.4 Glycine Betaine -- 8.5 Utilizing Functional Genomics Approaches to Elucidate Plant Stress Responses -- 8.5.1 Signal Transduction Involved in Stress-Induced Metabolic Changes -- 8.6 Plant Hormones Have Pivotal Roles in Plant Stress Signaling -- 8.6.1 Abscisic Acid -- 8.6.2 Gibberellic Acid -- 8.6.3 Jasmonates -- 8.7 Transcriptional Regulation of Secondary Metabolites -- 8.7.1 Terpenoids -- 8.7.2 Alkaloids -- 8.7.3 Flavonoids
• 13.6 Case Studies