Colour and the Optical Properties of Materials (3rd Edition)

The revised Third Edition of this book focuses on the ways that colour is produced, both in the natural world and in a wide range of applications. The expert author offers an introduction to the science underlying colour and optics and explores many of the most recent applications. The text is divid...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Author Tilley, R. J. D.
Format eBook Book
LanguageEnglish
Published Hoboken John Wiley & Sons 2020
Wiley
John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated
Wiley-Blackwell
Edition3rd ed
Subjects
Color
General Engineering & Project Administration
Light
Materials
Optics
Online AccessGet full text
ISBN9781119554691
1119554691
1119554683
9781119554684

Cover

Table of Contents:
  • Title Page Preface Table of Contents 1. Light and Colour 2. Colour due to Refraction and Dispersion 3. The Production of Colour by Reflection 4. Polarised Light and Crystals 5. Colour due to Scattering 6. Colour due to Diffraction 7. Colour from Atoms and Ions 8. Colour from Molecules 9. Luminescence 10. Colour in Insulators, Semiconductors, and Metals 1. Optical Bandgap, Eg of Bulk Oxides Appendices Index
  • 7.8 Sodium and Mercury Street Lights -- 7.9 Atomic and Optical Clocks -- 7.9.1 Clocks -- 7.9.2 Atomic clocks -- 7.9.3 The 133Cs atomic clock -- 7.9.4 Optical clocks -- 7.10 Transition‐Metal Cation Colours: Overview -- 7.11 Crystal Field Splitting -- 7.11.1 d‐orbital interactions -- 7.11.2 Term splitting -- 7.11.3 Energies -- 7.11.4 Selection rules -- 7.12 The Crystal Field Colours of Transition‐Metal Ions -- 7.12.1 3d1, 3d4, 3d5, 3d6, and 3d9 cations -- 7.12.2 3d2, 3d3, 3d7, and 3d8 cations -- 7.12.3 Octahedral and tetrahedral coordination -- 7.12.4 Thermochromism, piezochromism, and crystal‐field splitting -- 7.13 Crystal Field Colours in Minerals and Gemstones -- 7.13.1 The colour of ruby -- 7.13.2 Emerald, chrome alum, and alexandrite -- 7.13.3 Malachite, azurite, and turquoise -- 7.14 Colour as a Structural Probe -- 7.15 Transition‐Metal‐Ion Lasers -- 7.15.1 The ruby laser: a three‐level laser -- 7.15.2 The titanium‐sapphire laser -- 7.16 Colours from Lanthanoid Ions -- 7.16.1 Lanthanoid ion colours: general -- 7.16.2 The colour of Ce3+ and Eu2+ -- 7.16.3 f‐f colours: Pr3+, Tm3+, Nd3+, and Dy3+ -- 7.17 The Neodymium (Nd3+) Solid State Laser: A Four‐Level Laser -- 7.18 Optical Amplifiers -- 7.18.1 Amplification of optical fibre signals -- 7.18.2 Fibre lasers -- 7.19 Transition Metal, Lanthanoid, and Actinoid Pigments -- Further Reading -- Problems and Exercises -- Calculations and Questions -- Chapter 8 Colour from Molecules -- 8.1 The Energy Levels of Molecules -- 8.1.1 Electronic, vibrational, and rotational energy levels -- 8.1.2 Molecular orbitals -- 8.1.3 Molecular orbitals in large molecules -- 8.1.4 Origin of molecular colours -- 8.2 The Colours Arising in Some Inorganic Molecules -- 8.2.1 Halogens -- 8.2.2 Auroras -- 8.2.3 Candles and fireworks -- 8.3 The Colour of Water -- 8.4 Ultramarine Pigments and Related Colours
  • 2.9.3 Attenuation in glass fibres -- 2.9.4 Chemical impurities -- 2.9.5 Dispersion and optical fibre design -- 2.10 Metamaterials and Negative Refractive Index -- 2.10.1 Metamaterials -- 2.10.2 Hyperlenses -- 2.10.3 Invisibility cloaks -- 2.10.4 Metasurfaces and flat lenses -- 2.11 The Electro‐Optic Effect and Photorefractive Materials -- Further Reading -- Problems and Exercises -- Calculations and Questions -- Chapter 3 The Production of Colour by Reflection -- 3.1 Reflection from a Single Surface -- 3.1.1 Reflection from a transparent plate -- 3.1.2 Data storage using reflection -- 3.2 Reflection from a Single Thin Film in Air -- 3.2.1 Reflection perpendicular to the film -- 3.2.2 Variation with viewing angle -- 3.2.3 Transmitted beams -- 3.3 The Colour of a Single Thin Film in Air -- 3.4 The Reflectivity of a Single Thin Film in Air -- 3.5 The Colour of a Single Thin Film on a Substrate -- 3.6 The Reflectivity of a Single Thin Film on a Substrate -- 3.7 Low‐Reflection and High‐Reflection Films -- 3.7.1 Antireflection coatings -- 3.7.2 Antireflection layers -- 3.7.3 Graded index antireflection coatings -- 3.7.4 High reflectivity surfaces -- 3.7.5 Interference modulated (IMOD) displays -- 3.8 Multiple Thin Films -- 3.8.1 Dielectric mirrors -- 3.8.2 Multilayer stacks -- 3.8.3 Interference filters and distributed Bragg reflectors -- 3.9 Fibre Bragg Gratings -- 3.10 `Smart' Windows -- 3.10.1 Low‐emissivity windows -- 3.10.2 Self‐cleaning windows -- 3.11 Thin‐Film Colours in Nature -- 3.11.1 Single thin‐film reflection -- 3.11.2 Multilayer mirrors -- 3.11.3 Multilayer colour generation -- 3.11.4 Multilayer reflectors in blue butterflies -- Further Reading -- Problems and Exercises -- Calculations and Questions -- Chapter 4 Polarised Light and Crystals -- 4.1 Polarisation of Light -- 4.2 Polarised Light and Vision -- 4.3 Polarisation by Reflection
  • Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright -- Contents -- Preface -- About the Companion Website -- Chapter 1 Light and Colour -- 1.1 Light and Colour -- 1.1.1 Light rays -- 1.1.2 Light waves -- 1.1.3 Photons -- 1.1.4 Energy levels -- 1.1.5 Waves and particles -- 1.1.6 Colour -- 1.2 Light Waves -- 1.3 Light Waves and Colour -- 1.4 Interference -- 1.4.1 Two waves with the same wavelength -- 1.4.2 Two waves with different wavelengths -- 1.4.3 Phase and group velocity -- 1.4.4 Light pulses -- 1.4.5 Superluminal and subluminal light -- 1.5 Light Sources -- 1.6 Incandescence -- 1.6.1 Incandescence and black‐body radiation -- 1.6.2 The colour of incandescent objects -- 1.7 Luminescence -- 1.8 Laser Light -- 1.8.1 Emission and absorption of radiation -- 1.8.2 Energy‐level populations -- 1.8.3 Rates of absorption and emission -- 1.8.4 Cavity modes -- 1.8.5 Coherence length and bandwidth -- 1.8.6 Supercontinuum light -- 1.9 Vision -- 1.10 Colour Perception -- 1.11 Additive Coloration -- 1.12 Subtractive Coloration -- 1.13 The Interaction of Light with a Material: Appearance -- 1.13.1 Reflection -- 1.13.2 Diffuse reflectance -- 1.13.3 Elastic scattering -- 1.13.4 Inelastic scattering -- 1.13.5 Absorption -- 1.13.6 Attenuation -- 1.13.7 Structural colour, iridescence, and electron excitation colour -- Further Reading -- Problems and Exercises -- Calculations and Questions -- Chapter 2 Colour Due to Refraction and Dispersion -- 2.1 Refraction and the Refractive Index of a Material -- 2.2 Total Internal Reflection -- 2.2.1 Refraction at an interface -- 2.2.2 Evanescent waves -- 2.3 Refractive Index and Polarisability -- 2.4 Refractive Index and Density -- 2.5 Invisible Animals, GRINS, and Mirages -- 2.6 Dispersion and Colours Produced by Dispersion -- 2.7 Rainbows -- 2.8 Halos -- 2.9 Fibre Optics -- 2.9.1 Optical communications -- 2.9.2 Optical fibres
  • 8.5 Organic Chromophores, Chromogens, and Auxochromes
  • 4.4 Polars -- 4.5 Crystal Symmetry and Refractive Index -- 4.6 Double Refraction: Calcite as an Example -- 4.6.1 Double refraction -- 4.6.2 Refractive index and crystal structure -- 4.7 The Description of Double Refraction Effects -- 4.7.1 Uniaxial crystals -- 4.7.2 Biaxial crystals -- 4.8 Colour Produced by Polarisation and Birefringence -- 4.9 Dichroism, Trichroism, and Pleochroism -- 4.10 Nonlinear Effects -- 4.10.1 Nonlinear crystals -- 4.10.2 Second and third harmonic generation -- 4.10.3 Frequency mixing -- 4.10.4 Optical parametric amplifiers and oscillators -- 4.11 Frequency Matching and Phase Matching -- 4.12 More on Second Harmonic Generation -- 4.12.1 Polycrystalline solids and powders -- 4.12.2 Second harmonic generation in glass -- 4.12.3 Second harmonic and sum frequency generation by organic materials -- 4.12.4 Second harmonic generation at interfaces -- 4.12.5 Second harmonic microscopy -- 4.13 Optical Activity -- 4.13.1 The rotation of polarised light by molecules -- 4.13.2 The rotation of polarised light by crystals -- 4.13.3 Circular birefringence and dichroism -- 4.14 Liquid Crystals -- 4.14.1 Liquid crystal mesophases -- 4.14.2 Liquid crystal displays -- Further Reading -- Problems and Exercises -- Calculations and Questions -- Chapter 5 Colour Due to Scattering -- 5.1 Scattering and Extinction -- 5.2 Tyndall Blue and Rayleigh Scattering -- 5.3 Blue Skies, Red Sunsets -- 5.4 Scattering and Polarisation -- 5.5 Mie Scattering -- 5.6 Blue Eyes, Blue Feathers, and Blue Moons -- 5.7 Paints, Sunscreens, and Related Matters -- 5.8 Multiple Scattering -- 5.9 Gold Sols and Ruby Glass -- 5.10 The Lycurgus Cup and Other Stained Glass -- Further Reading -- Problems and Exercises -- Calculations and Questions -- Chapter 6 Colour Due to Diffraction -- 6.1 Diffraction and Scattering -- 6.2 Diffraction and Colour Production by a Slit
  • 6.3 Diffraction and Colour Production by a Rectangular Aperture -- 6.4 Diffraction and Colour Production by a Circular Aperture -- 6.5 The Diffraction Limit of Optical Instruments -- 6.6 Colour Production by Linear Diffraction Gratings -- 6.7 Two‐Dimensional Gratings -- 6.8 Estimation of the Wavelength of Light by Diffraction -- 6.9 Diffraction by Crystals and Crystal‐Like Structures -- 6.9.1 Bragg's law -- 6.9.2 Opals -- 6.10 Photonic Crystals -- 6.10.1 Artificial and inverse opal structures -- 6.10.2 Diffraction from cubic photonic crystals -- 6.10.3 The effective refractive index of cubic photonic crystals -- 6.10.4 Dynamical form of Bragg's law -- 6.10.5 Photonic bandgaps -- 6.10.6 Photonic crystals in nature -- 6.10.7 Photonic crystal fibres -- 6.11 Diffraction from Disordered Gratings -- 6.11.1 Random specks and droplets -- 6.11.2 Halos, coronae, and glories -- 6.11.3 Colour from cholesteric liquid crystals -- 6.11.4 Natural helicoidal structures -- 6.11.5 Disordered two‐ and three‐dimensional gratings -- 6.12 Diffraction by Sub‐Wavelength Structures -- 6.12.1 Diffraction by moth‐eye antireflection structures -- 6.12.2 The cornea of the eye -- 6.12.3 Some blue feathers -- 6.13 Holograms -- 6.13.1 Holograms and interference patterns -- 6.13.2 Transmission holograms -- 6.13.3 Reflection holograms -- 6.13.4 Rainbow holograms -- 6.13.5 Hologram recording media -- 6.13.6 Embossed holograms -- 6.14 Hologram Formation -- 6.14.1 Interference of two coherent light waves -- 6.14.2 Image formation -- Further Reading -- Problems and Exercises -- Calculations and Questions -- Chapter 7 Colour from Atoms and Ions -- 7.1 The Spectra of Atoms and Ions -- 7.2 The Spectrum of Hydrogen -- 7.3 Terms and Levels -- 7.4 Atomic Spectra and Chemical Analysis -- 7.5 Fraunhofer Lines and Stellar Spectra -- 7.6 Neon Signs and Plasma Displays -- 7.7 The Helium-Neon Laser