Green Science and Technology

• Main Authors: Park, Enoch Y, Saito, Takayuki, Kawagishi, Hirokazu, Hara, Masakazu
• Format: eBook
• Language: English
• Published: Milton CRC Press 2020; Taylor & Francis Group
• Edition: 1
• Subjects: Agricultural Development; Agriculture; Agriculture and Food; AGRICULTUREnetBASE; artificial intelligence-based agriculture; Climate Change; Conservation - Environment Studies; Crop Science; earth's ecosystem; ENVIROnetBASE; Environmental science; Environmental sciences; Environmental Studies; ENVIRONMENTALSCIENCEnetBASE; Fairy ring; global warming; Global worming; green science and technology; Green technology; New energy; Plant stress management; Renewable energy; renewable energy utilization; SCI-TECHnetBASE; STMnetBASE; Virus detection; Suruga Bay; Large DNA Fragment; Cage Compounds; PLSR Model; Insect Cells; HPV VLPs; Photolysis Quantum Yield; White Rot Fungi; Ethanol Fermentation; Hyperspectral Remote Sensing; MSD Animal Health; Supercritical Water; Supramolecular Hydrogel; Fairy Rings; Silkworm Larvae; Silkworm Pupae; American Chemical Society; Aroma Glycosides; Aliphatic Isothiocyanates; DNA Fragment; Oneidensis MR-1; Kuroshio Water; Renin Receptor; Original Reflectance Spectra; ESI TOF Mass Spectrum

This book provides a comprehensive and up-to-date review of recent trends of green science and technology. Worldwide deterioration of environment and global warming threaten our lifestyle and the survival of all creatures. In order to weather these problems, we need to construct a multidisciplinary...

Table of Contents:

• Important Characteristics of the Gerawee Market -- Bay' al-Wafa: Sale with a Right of Repurchase -- Gerawee in Fatwas Issued by the Afghan Muftis -- Status of Gerawee under Afghan Civil Code of 1977 -- Gerawee Cases Before Afghan Courts -- Sar qufli -- What is Sar qufli? -- Recognition of Sar qufli by Commercial Courts -- The Contrast between Judicial Treatment ofSar qufli and Gerawee -- Informal Dispute Resolution Institutions in Afghanistan: Who Uses Them and Why? -- Afghan Merchants Prefer Informal Dispute Resolution Institutions -- Who Uses Formal and Informal Dispute Resolution Institutions in Afghanistan -- Why Merchants Use Informal Dispute Resolution -- Variation in the Effectiveness of Informal Dispute Resolution Institutions -- Informal Dispute Resolution and Pashtun Culture -- The Use of Force to Resolve a Commercial Dispute -- 3 Afghanistan's Formal Financial Institutions -- Formal Financial Intermediaries in Afghanistan: Are Sarrafs Included? -- Formal Regulations of Sarrafs -- What Is Wrong with the Sarrafi Regulation? -- Banks in Afghanistan -- Trust in Banks -- Banks' Total Assets -- Banks' Total Deposits -- Banks' Loans -- Government Strategic Policies Aimed to Improve Access to Credit during the Islamic Republic -- Afghanistan National Peace and Development Framework (2017-2021) -- Ministry of Economics Afghan Government Economic Plan (National Economic Plan) (2013) -- Ministry of Commerce and Industries Strategic Plan (Commerce Strategy) (2016-2020) -- Afghanistan Central Bank Strategic Plan (Banking Strategy) (2017-2021) -- Ministry of Justice Strategic Plan (Justice Strategic Plan) (2014-2018) -- Analysis of Afghan Government Strategic Policies -- 4 A Critique of the Approach to Institutional Reform in Afghanistan and a Proposal for a New Approach: Grounded Institutional Reform
• Extralegal Challenges of Property Rights in Afghanistan -- Formal Commercial Dispute Resolution in Afghanistan -- How a Formal Commercial Dispute Begins -- Jurisdiction of Commercial Courts -- Regional Distribution of Commercial Disputes in Afghanistan Commercial Courts -- Commercial Court Procedure -- Enforcement of Commercial Courts' Decisions -- The Causes of Uncertainty about Court Judgment Enforcement -- Enforcement of Bank Loans -- Formal Arbitration and Mediation -- 2 Informal Financial and Dispute Resolution Institutions in Afghanistan -- Supply Chains and Trade Credit -- Market Competition and Provision of Trade Credit -- Weekly Payment System (Ugraee) -- How Businesses Come to Trust Credit Sales in Afghanistan -- Non-Afghans are Disadvantaged as Credit Transaction Partners -- Outsourcing of Buyers Debtors' Vetting and Debt Collection -- Use of Written Contracts -- Trade Credit Versus Bank Loans -- Sources of Initial Capital to Start a Business -- Prevailing Institutions in Afghanistan Disincentivize Destructive Innovation and Creative Destruction -- Agency Costs Limit Business Expansion -- Family Businesses in Afghanistan -- Trade Credit from Suppliers Located Outside Afghanistan -- Is the Solution Curbing Credit Sales? -- Sarrafs and Sarrafi Markets -- Deposit-Keeping -- Domestic Money Transfer (Hawala) -- International Money Transfer (Hawala) -- Currency Exchange -- Speculative Trade in Currencies (Sita) and Public Auctions (Booli) -- Sarraf's Checks -- Short-Term Working Capital Loans -- Medium- and Long-Term Sarrafi Loans -- Equity Financing -- The Case of Balkh's Sarrafi Market -- Religious Prohibition of Interest and Access to Finance -- Regional Variations within Sarrafi Markets -- Sarrafs in Kabul -- Sarrafs in Kandahar -- Gerawee -- Size of Gerawee Market -- Gerawee and Its Variations
• Cover -- Half Title -- Series -- Title -- Copyright -- Dedication -- Contents -- List of Figures -- Acknowledgements -- Preface -- Introduction -- Broader Theoretical Landscape and the Case of Afghanistan -- Overview of the Book's Organization and Summary of Its Argument -- Methodology and Definitions -- Grounded Theory -- Sampling and Data Collection -- Definitions -- 1 Background on the Economy and the Problems of Credit Transacting in Afghanistan -- A General Picture of Afghanistan's Economy under the Islamic Republic -- Main Types of Actors in Afghanistan's Credit Economy -- An Analysis of Businesses in Afghanistan -- Business Registry Data on Business Registry and Initial Capital Investment in Five Major Provinces -- The Business Survey Data on Business Establishments in Afghanistan -- An Overview of the Social Context of Afghanistan's Economy -- A Brief Overview of Institutional Context of Afghanistan's Economy -- Fundamental Problems of Credit Transactions in Afghanistan -- Afghanistan Has a Volatile Business Climate -- Security Conditions in Afghanistan Destabilized the Business Climate -- Political Instability Creates Volatility for Businesses -- Poor Infrastructure Creates an Unstable Business Climate and Fragments the Domestic Markets -- Afghanistan's Economic Structure Was a Source of Volatility -- Afghanistan Relies Heavily on Imports from Unreliable Trade Routes -- Afghanistan's Imports, Exports, and Cross-Border Trade -- Formal Property Rights in Afghanistan -- Legal Problems of Formal Property Rights in Afghanistan -- Legal Ownership and Rules of Determining Legal Ownership in Afghanistan Are Unclear -- The Majority of Property Ownership Transfers in Afghanistan Are Conducted Informally -- Actual Possession Is Not a Useful Presumption of Ownership -- Inheritance Goes Undivided for Generations
• Grounded Institutional Reform: A Revised Approach for the Countries with Poor Infrastructure, Limited Market Expansion Opportunities, and a Willing Government -- Rationales for Anti-Informal Institutions Positions: The Problems of Formalizing Informal Institutions in Afghanistan -- Theoretical Underpinning of Anti-Informal Institutions in Afghanistan -- Practical Problems of Absorbing Informal Institutions in Afghanistan -- Informal Institutions Are Entangled with Illegal Economic Activities -- Informal Institutions Are Hard to Manipulate -- The Users of Informal Institutions Resist Formalization -- What Would Reforms Based on Grounded Institutional Reform Look Like in Afghanistan? -- Conclusions and Recommendations -- Bibliography -- Appendix I -- Appendix II -- Index